Infected

After infection, the virus "plugs in" and activates junk DNA in it's victim, resulting in biological changes that create (and recreate) sentience within the infected creature cellular makeup. It acts by affecting the protein encoding regions of the promoter introns in each cell. As a retrovirus, it contains both RNA and the reverse transcriptase enzyme, allowing it to insert its own genetic codes into living cells. It enters, re-purposes and changes the cell, replicating previously dormant non-coding segments of DNA.

More often than not, these changes are too drastic and 99.99% of subjects die from massive organ failure and cell saturation. However, some variants have yielded other beneficial results; endowing the infected organisms with incredible superhuman genetic prowess, that greatly increase their natural abilities to levels far exceeding human capability, these variants include DX-1120 and DX-1118 C.

The virus is highly contagious and can infect organisms through a multitude of means.
Physical Contact: If a non-infected person is bitten or scratched by an Infected person, or Hunter, the virus can spread directly to the victim resulting in their infection.

• Exposure: Coming into contact with an Infected Water Tower, or a Hive can result in the infectious agents spreading to nearby humans.
• Bodily Fluid Contact: Infectious bodily fluids and materials are capable of infecting through open wounds.
• Injection: As used on the Project D-Code soldiers, the Virus can be spread through direct application via injection.

A group of scientists led by Dr. Alex Mercer managed to synthesize a new virus strain which they named Blacklight. The Blacklight virus' effects are variable and far more infectious than the Idaho strain. The Blacklight virus outbreak does not follow the pattern of the Hope outbreak: it causes too many infections, spreads over too wide an area, and leaves too many surviving entities. The Blacklight virus mortality rate is lower than that of the Redlight virus, and the incubation period is much longer. The full capabilities of the Blacklight virus were unknown, but were discovered in New York.

In 2006, the Redlight virus from Hope, Idaho was released in New York. Alex Mercer, code named Zeus, was an abomination of a different strand of the virus, the Blacklight Virus. Through the hard work of Blackwatch, the infection was purged from the city.

This peace, however, only lasted for 14 months. Alex Mercer started a new outbreak, this time of the Blacklight virus. An infected marine, James Heller, gained powers immensely similar to those of Mercer. In a final confrontation between the two titans, James Heller killed Alex Mercer, and consumed all the infected in the New York red zone. Just after the battle, the city was completely destroyed by a hydrogen bomb. The city, and miles around the city, were destroyed beyond repair. The events were labeled as an attack on terrorism, and fear of nuclear weapons exploded among the American public. James Heller has not been seen since the incident, and has been classified as dead.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/RolePlayGateway/~3/wqfQHY6lxys/viewtopic.php

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Weak job gains hurt economic outlook

By Jason Lange

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - American employers hired at the weakest pace in nine months in March, a sign tax hikes that kicked in early this year as part of Washington's austerity drive could be stealing momentum from the economy.

Payrolls expanded by just 88,000 last month outside the farming sector, the Labor Department said on Friday.

That was well below market expectations for a 200,000 increase and fell short of even the most pessimistic forecast in a Reuters poll. The jobless rate ticked a tenth of a point lower to 7.6 percent largely due to people dropping out of the work force.

"The U.S. economy just hit a major speed bump," said Marcus Bullus, trading director at MB Capital in London.

Some of the weakness appeared due to higher tax rates that took effect in January. While recent reports have pointed to relatively buoyant retail sales in January and February, Friday's data showed retailers actually cut staff in March by 24,100, making it the hardest-hit sector last month.

Moreover, the government said hiring in the retail sector was weaker in January and February than initially thought.

The report rattled investors and sent U.S. stocks lower, contributing to the biggest weekly decline for share prices this year. Benchmark Treasury debt yields fell to their lowest this year and the dollar declined against a basket of currencies.

It was unclear whether across-the-board federal budget cuts that began in March played a role in the weak pace of hiring, although nervousness over the cuts might have made businesses shy about taking on more staff.

Some economists cautioned against reading too much into the report, though the data nonetheless raised questions over whether the strong hiring seen in the winter actually meant the economy had shifted into a higher gear.

"We don't think there is enough signal here to conclude the U.S. economy is wobbling. Rather, it appears that the underlying trend has not improved as much as the January-February data suggested," said Julia Coronado, an economist at BNP Paribas in New York.

AMMUNITION FOR THE FED

March's slowdown in job growth could make policymakers at the Federal Reserve more confident about continuing a bond-buying stimulus program. Prior advances in the labor market recovery had fueled discussion at the central bank over whether to dial back the purchases, perhaps as soon as this summer.

"This could give them the green light to stay with this policy longer," said Brian Rehling, chief fixed income strategist at Wells Fargo Advisors in St. Louis.

The employment report did have some positive news for the economy. The Labor Department revised readings for January and February to show 61,000 more jobs added than previously estimated. The average workweek rose to its highest level in a year.

"Companies ramped up working hours instead of hiring additional people. The fact that labor demand kept rising should bode well for future job gains," said Harm Bandholz, chief U.S. economist at UniCredit Research in New York.

The construction sector added 18,000 jobs, reinforcing the view that a recovery in the housing sector has become entrenched.

Separate reports on Friday also gave upbeat signals. The U.S. trade gap narrowed in February due to rising exports and falling crude oil imports, while U.S. consumer credit that month recorded its biggest increase in half a year.

AUSTERITY'S BITE

But analysts point out that federal spending cuts have only just begun and will be a more substantial drag on the economy between April and June, when many government workers begin taking days off work without pay.

In March, government payrolls fell only 7,000, partly reversing a 14,000-job gain from February.

The Congressional Budget Office has estimated that tighter fiscal policy will subtract about 1.5 percentage points from economic growth this year.

"The trend in payrolls is consistent with our expectation that employment growth will slow somewhat in coming months (due to) the large, and increasing, fiscal drag," said Michael Gapen, an economist at Barclays in New York.

Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke, who has said the labor market must show sustained improvement before monetary stimulus is eased, has voiced concern about the spending cuts.

The jobless rate fell to its lowest since December 2008, but the report showed that much of the drop was due to the labor force shrinking by 496,000 people.

That pushed the labor force participation rate - the percentage of working-age Americans either with a job or looking for one - to 63.3 percent, its lowest since 1979.

The unemployment rate is derived from a survey of households which is separate from the survey of employer payrolls. The household survey actually showed employment fell by 206,000 in March.

Some of the people dropping out of the labor force are retiring or going back to school, but others have given up the job hunt out of discouragement.

(Additional reporting by Doug Palmer and Lucia Mutikani in Washington; and by Richard Leong in New York; Editing by Andrea Ricci and David Gregorio)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/steady-job-gains-seen-bolstering-economy-040319942--business.html

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NDIA Presents The Red Ball Express Award To Michael D. Sprang

The Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Division of NDIA presented the award, which recognizes significant contributions made to the development and support of light tactical vehicles, on March 20 in Sterling Heights, MI.

Arlington, VA (PRWEB) April 03, 2013

NDIA has announced that its Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Division presented The Red Ball Express Award to Mr. Michael D. Sprang, JPO JLTV, on March 20, 2013, at the 5th Annual Membership Social in Sterling Heights, MI.

The Red Ball Express is awarded for outstanding contribution to the Tactical Wheeled Vehicle (TWV) community. Recipients of this award must have made significant contributions that have led to the strengthening of our national security by developing, procuring, or supporting Tactical Wheeled Vehicles or critical technologies that contribute to the same.

Mr. Sprang has made many significant contributions to the development and support of light tactical vehicles, especially the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), over the last eight years during a critical period of military combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. In particular, Mr. Sprang managed the production and fielding of thousands of armor kits for HMMWV?s in Iraq and Afghanistan, at a value of over six billion dollars. His relentless drive to field these kits as rapidly as possible, while adhering to exacting standards, saved countless American and allied lives.

About NDIA: The National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA) is America?s leading Defense Industry association promoting national security. NDIA provides a legal and ethical forum for the exchange of information between Industry and Government on National Security issues. NDIA members foster the development of the most innovative and superior equipment, training and support for warfighters and first responders through our divisions, local chapters, affiliated associations and events.

Learn more about NDIA's Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Division at: http://www.ndia.org/Divisions/Divisions/TacticalWheeledVehicles/Pages/default.aspx or on twitter: @NDIA_TWV & #ndiatwv

Angie De Kleine, CAE, CMP
NDIA
703-247-2599
Email Information

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/ndia-presents-red-ball-express-award-michael-d-131620294.html

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Dempsey says NKorean provocations fit long pattern

STUTTGART, Germany (AP) ? North Korea's bellicose rhetoric and threats, while worrisome, appear to fit a decadeslong pattern of provocation followed by uneasy peace, the top U.S. military officer said Friday.

"I wouldn't say I see anything to lead me to believe that this is a different kind of cycle," Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in an interview after speaking at a ceremony installing Gen. David Rodriquez as chief of U.S. Africa Command.

Dempsey's remarks suggested that he does not believe the situation is headed toward war, despite a series of threatening statements by the North, including a declaration this week that its military is authorized to launch a nuclear attack on the United States.

Other U.S. officials have said this week they see no North Korean preparations for large-scale military action, but White House spokesman Jay Carney said a missile launch wasn't unexpected.

"We would not be surprised to see them take such an action," he told. "We have seen them launch missiles in the past."

Dempsey called the North's nuclear threat "just reckless" and contrasted such talk with what he described as measured moves by the U.S. to deter the North and to reassure South Korea.

"Our moves have been largely defensive and exclusively intended to reassure our allies," he said, referring in part to the announcement that a more advanced missile defense system, designed to knock down hostile missiles in the upper atmosphere and beyond, would be deployed to Guam, a U.S. territory in the Pacific that hosts U.S. forces.

The U.S. also has made a point of highlighting aspects of an annual U.S.-South Korean military exercise that included a practice bombing run over South Korea by B-2 stealth bombers, as well as flights of B-52 bombers and the presence of F-22 stealth fighter planes. Two of the Navy's missile-defense ships were positioned closer to the Korean peninsula, and the Pentagon has announced plans to beef up its U.S.-based missile defenses.

Dempsey said he does not foresee any further U.S. military moves in the near future.

Dempsey said he has talked in the past few days to the commander of the 28,500 U.S. troops in Korea, Gen. James Thurman, about the safety of forces and their families. He said Thurman has made no recommendation to evacuate any military dependents.

The U.S. and South Korea have been at odds with North Korea for more than a half century. The two sides fought a three-year war in the 1950s that ended in a truce, and the North has long complained that the U.S. intends to overthrow its leaders.

Washington is treaty-bound to come to South Korea's defense if Seoul is attacked.

North Korea responded with fury to U.N. sanctions following its third nuclear test Feb. 12, and to the U.S.-South Korean military exercise known as Foal Eagle. Among other statements, it has threatened a nuclear strike against the U.S., declared that it has scrapped the Korean War truce, blocked South Koreans from entering a jointly run industrial park and announced that it will takes new steps to produce more fuel for nuclear bombs.

Despite downplaying the threat of imminent war, Dempsey said there is no room to be casual about the current tensions on the Korean peninsula. He noted, for example, that the North's threat to launch a nuclear attack on the U.S. "is new" and is worrisome, given the North's development of ballistic missiles as well as nuclear devices. He said it is not clear that they have reached the point where they can fit a nuclear warhead atop a missile that could reach distant targets.

"The combination of that makes it very reckless" to threaten a nuclear attack, he said.

Asked how the U.S. is dealing with that, he said, "We'll live up to our alliance obligations and protect our national interests, and that's not being bellicose, that's being very matter-of-fact."

Dempsey said another troublesome factor is the North's young leader, Kim Jong Un, who came to power after his father's death in December 2011 and is a grandson of North Korea's founder, Kim Il Sung. He said U.S. officials do not know who in his inner circle influences Kim.

"Though we've always said that North Korea has been a bit opaque to us, in the past we've understood their leadership and the influencers a little better than we do today," he said. "And so the extent to which this cycle (of provocation) is a little more unpredictable, it's because of him. We know less about him. But the pattern is very similar."

Dempsey said that in preparation for a trip to Beijing in a few weeks, he recently spoke by phone to his Chinese counterpart about the North Korea problem, among others, and that this will be on the agenda when he makes his first visit as Joint Chiefs chairman.

"What I'm not going to do is go over there and deliver the traditional talking point of: 'You need to get your southern neighbor under control,'" he said, adding that it's pretty clear China cannot compel North Korea to act differently.

"I would rather take the opportunity to gain a little deeper understanding of what are the Chinese issues" with the North Koreans, he said.

___

Follow Robert Burns on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/robertburnsAP

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/dempsey-says-nkorean-provocations-fit-long-pattern-142235146--politics.html

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Confucius Institute Scholarships in China - East Africa Job Board

Confucius Institute Headquarters/Hanban (hereinafter referred to as Hanban) launches the ?Confucius Institute Scholarship? for international?students, scholars and Chinese language teachers. The category of scholarship of 2013 includes scholarship for students of Master?s Degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages?MTCSOL), Scholarship for Students of One-Academic-Year + MTCSOL, Scholarship for One-Academic-Year Students, and Scholarship for One-Semester Students?in Chinese universities (hereinafter referred to as ?host institutes?) or?study in such majors as Chinese Language and Literature, Chinese History and Chinese Philosophy. The application deadline varies from one host institute to other.

Study Subject(s):?The scholarship is offered for pursuing Master?s degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (MTCSOL) in Chinese universities (hereinafter referred to as ?host institutes?), or study in such majors as Chinese Language and Literature, Chinese History and Chinese Philosophy.
Course Level:?The category of scholarship of 2013 includes Scholarship for Students of Master?s Degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (MTCSOL), Scholarship for Students of One-Academic-Year + MTCSOL, Scholarship for One-Academic-Year Students, and Scholarship for One-Semester Students.
Scholarship Provider:?Confucius Institute Headquarters/Hanban (hereinafter referred to as Hanban)
Scholarship can be taken at:?China

Eligibility:
Scholarship for Students of MTCSOL:
-The scholarship is provided to outstanding students of Confucius Institutes (Classrooms), overseas local Chinese language teachers, outstanding performers on HSK exams, winners of the ?Chinese Bridge? Chinese Proficiency Competitions for Foreign College Students and for Foreign High School Students, and outstanding graduates of Chinese language across the world for taking the MTCSOL degree.
-Applicants are required to have bachelor degrees or its equivalent with a score of at least 180 on the HSK (level 5) and a score of at least 50 on the HSKK (intermediate level), and make a written commitment stating that he/she will be engaged in Chinese language teaching for at least 5 years after graduation. Applicants with specific teaching posts arranged will be given admission priority (certification by the institution he/she will teach for is required). Hanban will provide support for outstanding graduates to return to their countries to teach.
Scholarship for Students of One-Academic-Year + MTCSOL:
-The scholarship is provided to Confucius Institute students from Africa and Latin America regions who would like to engage in the Chinese language teaching.
- Applicants shall sign agreements with the Confucius Institute or institutes to which they will be providing teaching services.
-Applicants are required to have bachelor degrees or its equivalent with a score of at least 180 on the HSK (level 3) and a score of at least 60 on the HSKK (primary level). Those who pass the first-academic-year assessment and score at least 180 on the HSK (level 5) can continue to study in China for the Master?s Degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages. Hanban will provide support for graduates returning to their countries to teach Chinese language by recruiting them as local teachers and providing wage subsidies, etc.
Scholarship for One-Academic Year Students:
-The scholarship is provided to outstanding students of Confucius Institutes (Classrooms), winners of the ?Chinese Bridge? Chinese Proficiency Competitions for Foreign College Students and for Foreign High School Students, overseas local Chinese language teachers, outstanding graduates of Chinese language across the world, and outstanding performers on the HSK, or those who intend to become Chinese teachers.
-Applicants should achieve a score of at least 180 on the HSK (level 3) and at least 60 on the HSKK (primary level), or complete their study at a Confucius Institute for over 120 hours.
Scholarship for One-Semester Students:
-The scholarship is provided to outstanding students of Confucius Institutes (Classrooms), winners of the ?Chinese Bridge? Chinese Proficiency Competitions for Foreign College Students and for Foreign High School Students, overseas local Chinese language teachers, outstanding graduates of Chinese language across the world, and outstanding performers on the HSK.
-Applicants should achieve a score of at least 120 on the HSK (level 2) and at least 40 on the HSKK (elementary level), or complete their study at a Confucius Institute for over 60 hours.

Scholarship Open for International Students:?The international students (non-Chinese citizens) can apply for this scholarship.

Scholarship Description:?In order to support the development of Confucius Institutes, facilitate Chinese language promotion and Chinese cultural transmission in the world, cultivate qualified Chinese language teachers and talented students of Chinese language, Confucius Institute Headquarters/Hanban (hereinafter referred to as Hanban) launches the ?Confucius Institute Scholarship? program to provide financial aid for students, scholars and Chinese language teachers worldwide to proceed to a Master?s degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (MTCSOL) in Chinese universities (hereinafter referred to as ?host institutes?), or study in such majors as Chinese Language and Literature, Chinese History and Chinese Philosophy. The category of scholarship of 2013 includes Scholarship for Students of Master?s Degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages(MTCSOL), Scholarship for Students of One-Academic-Year + MTCSOL, Scholarship for One-Academic-Year Students, and Scholarship for One-Semester Students. Applicants shall be non-Chinese citizens in good health, aged between 16 and 35 (Chinese language teachers in post shall be aged below 45).

Duration of award(s):?Scholarship for Students of MTCSOL: The scholarship winner shall begin the study in autumn 2013, and the grant will cover two academic years. Scholarship for One-Academic Year Students: ?the grant term is one academic year. Scholarship for One-Semester Students: The time of entrance is autumn 2013 or spring 2014 and the grant term is one semester.

What does it cover??Scholarship winners are exempt from registration fees, tuition, fees for basic learning materials, accommodation fees on campus, and are provided with a one-off resettlement subsidy, monthly allowance, outpatient medical service and comprehensive insurance for foreign students studying in China. Monthly allowances are at the following rates (CNY Yuan per month):
a. CNY 1,400 for One-Academic-Year Students and One-Semester Students.
b. CNY 1,700 for Master?s Degree Students.
The one-off resettlement subsidy is CNY 1,500 for students who will study in China for one academic year or more; CNY 1,000 will be provided to all students who studies in China for one semester; the one-off resettlement subsidy will not be provided to those who have studied in China for more than half a year before being enrolled.

Recruitment Procedures:-From the issue date of the Procedures, applicants should log on to the Confucius Institute Scholarship website athttp://cis.chinese.cn. set up an individual account, read information and introduction of host institutes and majors, complete and submit the Confucius Institute Scholarship Application Form online.
-Confucius Institutes (independently set-up Confucius Classrooms), overseas Chinese test centers, educational and cultural offices (sections) of Chinese embassies (consulates), host institutes and institutions of higher education in those countries with no Confucius Institutes are entrusted by Hanban as the recommending institutions. The recommending institutions shall exam the qualification and application materials of applicants, and submit the list of recommended applicants to Hanban by April 25th, 2013.
- Host institutes are responsible for reviewing the qualification of applicants and submitting the proposed enrollment name list of qualified candidates to Hanban by May 25th, 2013.
- Hanban will organize an expert panel to make the final selection, and publish the name list of successful applicants on the Scholarship website by June 15th, 2013. Hanban will also inform the host institutes and the recommending institutions, which will inform the applicants.
- The host institutes will post ?Admission Notice?, ?Enrollment Instructions?, ?Visa Application Form for Foreigners to Study in China? (JW202 Form) and other related materials to successful applicants through their recommending institutions by July 1st, 2013.

Notification:?Hanban will organize an expert panel to make the final selection, and publish the name list of successful applicants on the Scholarship website by June 15th, 2013. Hanban will also inform the host institutes and the recommending institutions, which will inform the applicants.

How to Apply:?Applicants must log onto the Scholarship website, fill out the ?Confucius Institute Scholarship Application Form?, and attach the electronic files of the following materials:
- Photocopy of Passport Photo Page
- Photocopy of HSK and HSKK Result Report
- Notarized highest education diplomas attained or proof of study
- Reference Letter and Letter of Commitment. Students attending Chinese language programs of universities in countries with no Confucius Institutes established shall attach a reference letter signed and issued by the university President. The Master?s Degree Scholarship applicants are required to submit reference letters provided by two professors or associate professors (in Chinese or English). A written commitment stating that the applicant will be engaged in Chinese language teaching for at least 5 years after graduation (written in Chinese and sign with signature).
- Applications under the age of 18 shall submit relevant legal documents of entrusted legal guardians in China.
- Winners of the finals of the ?Chinese Bridge? Chinese Proficiency Competitions for Foreign College Students and for Foreign High School Students in China shall submit the scholarship certificate. Winners of preliminary rounds of the ?Chinese Bridge? Proficiency Competitions in their countries shall provide award proof and reference letter provided by the organizers.
- Chinese language teachers shall submit certificate of employment and recommendation letters provided by institutes they work for.
- Those applying for the Scholarship for Students of One-Academic-Year + Master?s Degree in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages are required to provide the agreement signed with the Confucius Institute or the institute which they will be working for.
- Other materials required by host institutes.

Scholarship Application Deadline:?The scholarship winners shall register at the host institutes before the deadline set by the institutes. Scholarships will not be kept for those who do not register on time without reasonable cause.

Source: http://www.eajobboard.com/2013/04/confucius-institute-scholarships-in.html

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The equine Adam lived fairly recently: Close relationships among modern stallions

The equine Adam lived fairly recently: Close relationships among modern stallions

Thursday, April 4, 2013

In mammals, an individual's sex is determined by the chromosomes it inherits from its parents. Two X chromosomes lead to a female, whereas one X and one Y lead to a male. Y chromosomes are only passed from fathers to sons, so each Y chromosome represents the male genealogy of the animal in question. In contrast, mitochondria are passed on by mothers to all their offspring. This means that an analysis of the genetic material or DNA of mitochondria can give information on the female ancestry. For the modern horse, it is well known that mitochondrial DNA is extremely diverse and this has been interpreted to mean that many ancestral female horses have passed their DNA on to modern horse breeds. Until recently, though, essentially no sequence diversity had been detected on the Y chromosome of the domestic horse. Not only does the lack of sequence markers on the Y chromosome make it impossible to trace male lineages with confidence, it also represents a scientific paradox. How can a species with so many female lines have so few male lines? The issue has now been addressed by Barbara Wallner and colleagues at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna).

Wallner initially selected seventeen horses from a range of European breeds. She pooled their DNAs and used modern sequencing technology to examine the level of diversity on a 200 kb portion of the Y chromosome she had previously sequenced. The Y chromosomes were found to be highly similar: only five positions turned out to be variable. As Wallner says, "the results confirmed what we had previously suspected: that the Y chromosomes of modern breeds of horse show far less variability than those of other domestic animals."

The five variable positions, or polymorphisms, were nevertheless sufficient to enable the researchers to derive a type of "family tree" for the various breeds of modern horse they investigated. An examination of over 600 stallions from 58 (largely European) breeds showed that the animals could be grouped into six basic lines or haplotypes. The ancestral haplotype is distributed across almost all breeds and geographical regions. A second haplotype also occurs at high frequencies across a broad range of breeds, although not in northern European breeds or in horses from the Iberian Peninsula. A third haplotype is present in almost all English Thoroughbreds and in many warm-blooded breeds. The final three haplotypes are only found in local northern European breeds: one in Icelandic horses, one in Norwegian Fjord horses and one in Shetland ponies.

The pedigree of horses is very tightly controlled, with studbooks in many cases going as far back as the 18th century. Combining the results of the genetic analysis with pedigree data enabled the scientists to trace the paternal roots of many of the current male lines. Wallner feels that, "the results were intriguing, for example in the way the distribution of one haplotype reflects the widespread movement of stallions from the Middle East to Central and Western Europe in the past 200 years. Another haplotype results from a mutation that occurred in the famous English Thoroughbred stallion 'Eclipse' or in his son or grandson. It is amazing to see how much influence this line has had on modern sport horses: almost all English Thoroughbreds and nearly half the modern sport horse breeds carry the Eclipse haplotype."

The Vetmeduni Vienna scientists have confirmed the low diversity of the horse Y chromosome, which contrasts sharply with range of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes observed in modern horses. The difference is presumably due to the strong variation in male reproductive success. Wild horses have a polygynous breeding pattern, while the intensive breeding practices in domestic horses mean that single stallions can effectively pass on their DNA to entire generations. The senior author on the paper, Gottfried Brem, comments that, "most modern breeds were established in the last two centuries, during which time the horse has undergone a transition from working and military use towards leisure and sports. This has largely been achieved through the use in breeding of a few selected males. The restricted genetic diversity of the modern horse Y chromosome is a reflection of what has survived the species' dynamic history."

###

The paper "Identification of genetic variation on the horse Y chromosome and the tracing of male founder lineages in modern breeds" by Barbara Wallner, Claus Vogl, Priyank Shukla, Joerg P Burgstaller, Thomas Druml and Gottfried Brem has just been published online in "PLOS ONE".

The original article in full text online (Open Access): http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060015

University of Veterinary Medicine -- Vienna: http://www.vetmeduni.ac.at

Thanks to University of Veterinary Medicine -- Vienna for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127593/The_equine_Adam_lived_fairly_recently___Close_relationships_among_modern_stallions

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Syrian jet flies into Lebanon, fires missile

ARSAL, Lebanon (Reuters) - A Syrian jet flew 20 km (12 miles) into Lebanon and fired a missile into a field on the outskirts of the border town of Arsal on Wednesday but caused no casualties, witnesses said.

Lebanon has maintained a policy of "dissociation" from Syria's two-year-old conflict. But many Lebanese officials feel their country is increasingly at risk of being dragged into the civil war, which the United Nations says has killed 70,000 people.

Syrian forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad have fired mortars into and occasionally entered Lebanese territory in pursuit of rebels. They threatened to carry out air strikes in Lebanon last month.

When a Syrian plane bombed Lebanese territory in mid-March, Lebanese President Michel Suleiman called it an "unacceptable violation" of Lebanese sovereignty.

It was not immediately clear what the Syrian jet on Wednesday was targeting. Local residents said a Syrian army helicopter was also hovering near Arsal, in Lebanese airspace, at the time.

Before dawn on Wednesday, Lebanese gunmen who back the uprising against Assad in Syria fired on a convoy of trucks heading to Syria in the port city of Tripoli, wounding the driver, a security source said.

It was the latest in a string of attacks by anti-Assad Lebanese groups on supplies entering Syria from Lebanon, which had its own civil war from 1975 to 1990.

(Reporting by Afif Diab; Writing by Oliver Holmes; Editing by Pravin Char)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/syrian-jet-fires-missile-onto-lebanese-territory-092011454.html

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